Communication Case Essay

Communication allows ideas to be conveyed clearly and succinctly. Communication is crucial for developing positive relationships with children, young people and their families, colleagues and other professionals We communicate to express our emotions like courage or fear, joy or sorrow, satisfaction or disappointment with appropriate gestures and words. Communication is vital for seeking and providing information. AiiDescribe TWO ways how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carer’s, colleagues and other practitioners. 1. Effective communication is the basis of all relationship regardless of whether the relationship is professional or personal. It is important as it helps to give concise and clear information and eliminate the possibility of risks to patients. 2. Also with effective communication there would be a positive atmosphere within the work place and colleagues would be more willing to help each other out. Staff would know where everything is and also offer extra support with your workload. AiiiIdentify THREE ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effective it is at establishing the needs of the individual. Method How effective this method is? Looking through previous records Previous records can identify the individual’s illness or disability and what kind of support they will need to establish communication and language needs. Observation Observation is effective as it is establishing the communication and language by watching/talking to the patient themselves. Communication with family/other professionals Family, friends and other professional who have worked/lived with the patient will have a lot on information/knowledge on the patient. They would have developed ways of dealing with the patient’s communication and language over a long time. AivDescribe THREE factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Disabilities: Disabilities such as hearing loss, impaired vision, mobility problems or speech impairment can affect the effective communication. Proper communication method should be known before communicating the people with disability or different health issues. Cultural Differences: Communication differences can result from differences in culture. In some cultures, children are not allowed to speak in front of adult and some kind of body gesture, eye contact, facial expression and touch are inappropriate. Environment: Environment is one of the most important factors to consider. Ensure the lights, air, temperature, noise and that it is safe and comfortable for the patient before establishing effective communication. AvDescribe THREE verbal and THREE non-verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in an adult setting. Verbal Non Verbal Spoken – When people speak face-to-face or via the phone it’s considered verbal communication Body language/Body movements – Body movements include gestures, posture, head and hand movements or whole body movements Written – writing is considered a form of verbal communication because words are involved. Eye contact – It is important to give eye contact as it helps the person know that you are listening Non-spoken – A person doesn’t have to speak words for a communication to be considered verbal. A groan can qualify. In fact, any noises or utterances a person makes are included in this classification. Posture – Posture can reflect people’s emotions, attitudes and intentions. Avi Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication. It is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication because it shows you are actively taking part in a conversation. It also shows that you are listening. With no listening there really isn’t a conversation happening. If you are listening passively, then you are giving little or no feedback. If you are like this, then you are unlikely to make coherent responses. Avii Explain how an individual’s background can influence their communication methods. An individual’s background can influence their communication methods by the way in which they are brought up and the society and culture that they live in has a great effect on the way in which they communicate. In some cultures children are not allowed to speak in the presence of certain adults. Some people may have been brought up in a background of challenging environments. Some women do not speak in front of other men out of family. These factors will highly influence the way they communicate and to establish communication with these groups of people. Also there may be a language barrier which would influence communication methods. Aviii Identify three examples of barriers to communication and explain how you could overcome each barrier. Barrier How it can over come Language differences You can overcome this by identifying the preferred communication method and using the appropriate method to communicate. Culture differences You can overcome this by providing an interpreter or translator service. Using makaton, body language and pictures etc. Physical Barrier You could overcome this by checking the individual’s record, speaking to a family member or friends or through the country’s cultural representative. Aix Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstandings. 1. Be polite and ask kindly in a calm professional manner. 2. Writing instructions clearly and concisely. Ask the them to repeat what I have said to ensure clear understanding. AxA social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or services that may be helpful. Translation services – This service can help with changing the written text from one language to another. Interpreting services – This service can help with converting spoken language to another language. Speech and language services – This service can support people who have had a stroke and have problems with their speech. Advocacy services – This service can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service tries to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf.

How Information Literacy Influences Scholarship, Practice

Higher education is widely recognized for academic excellence; students come from all over to study in U. S. colleges and universities. At the same time colleges and universities are often criticized for their unmanageable administration, organizational incompetence, and a lack of service orientation Ruben, B (2005). To the extent that these circumstances are present within a particular institution, they contribute to the critique of higher education in general, but also more directly undermine the perceived value of faculty and staff work, weaken financial and political support, and create barriers to fulfilling the mission of the institution (Ruben, 2005) College administrations have unmanageable direction because of a generation gap. Different generations have a different way of learning. Teachers have a hard time teaching the Net Generation students how to properly to research information because the Net Gen students depend highly on the Internet and Google scholar to retrieve their information. Students lack an understanding of what constitutes good-quality scholarly information (Badke, 2009) Teachers presently let the students use their search engine for information the students in higher education are making libraries last on their list for resource information simply because they were not taught the old methods of researching in a brick and mortar library. Researchers found that current and future generations are lazy and would rather watch videos or tutorials instead of reading information found in text materials. Why did they become lazy? In the early 1990’s the World Wide Web was born and it made life and researching easier, not thinking that the information could be erroneous ( Badke, 2009). Anyone pursuing higher education will have to obtain to the thought of incorporating scholar practice of information literacy. Students lack an understanding of what constitutes good-quality scholarly information. Students have difficulty evaluating the glut of information available and depend on questionable sources. (Russell, 2009) Information competence is a basis for long-life learning competence. It is necessary in any way of learning, it makes learning needs-oriented, more self-directed. Information competence is a skill to determine the size of the necessary information; to use the necessary information effectively; to evaluate the information and its sources critically; to develop own knowledge base with the information chosen; to effectively use the information for goal achievement Ruben, B (2005). Not less important is the skill to understand, at what time some information is needed, as well as the skill to get, evaluate, and use the information effectively. Information is available at libraries, public resources, special organizations, media, the Internet, but the information received in a non-filtered way, which arouses a question about the material authenticity, validity, and quality. (Turusheva, 2009) Students will hopefully grow stronger in the use of information literacy, and then society can be exposed to higher educational opportunities such as universities, trade colleges, skill centers, or career enhancement programs. Today’s society is experiencing a need for individuals to take an interest to learn (Thrusheva, 2009). Citizens can take control of their own learning by exposing information literacy for the following reasons: students could become open to higher education and technology, students communicate in an educational setting, and students relate to the numerous students. To correct everything for the next generation must first let the Net Generation know that all the information received on the Internet is not accurate and familiarize them with how to research material other ways. Next we must show that the academic libraries will be very comfortable with the new environment. (Badke, 2009) Letting the new generation just use the Internet makes the brick and mortar libraries become more unfamiliar to them. The world is changing before our very eyes. Elementary teachers point to documents, standards, and programs for information literacy as far a few decades in the past. Students tend to trust the beginning of the Google results or lack the skills to evaluate what they have found (Badke, 2009). Secondary school students have hardly any understanding about the library systems. Google dominates the universities with Google Books and scholar. Now is the time to start to educate all students about the Internet and they need to understand it. Teachers should educate the future students about information, and to go beyond Google. Students can benefit from using more sophisticated researching techniques, so that they can go beyond the search engine (Badke, 2009). To understand Scholarship, Practitioner and Leadership Model is essential to guidance in the field of education. Recognizing and classifying strengths and weaknesses within the institutes is essential to survival. Specifically, organizational information literacy can press forward toward the next level. Expanded literacy will provide opportunities for collaboration and feedback, which will grow the organization. The SPL model works interdependently with information literacy, in that one cannot survive without the other.

Deutsche Bank is a global universal bank. What are the advantages and Essay

Deutsche Bank is a global universal bank. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a global universal bank and what are som - Essay Example The Deutsche bank holds a record for being the only bank that has strived to achieve omnipresence. Evidently, universal banks exhibit multiple benefits to the clients, but a closer analysis reveals that they have certain disadvantages. This paper will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of universal banks. Moreover, the paper will analyse the issues that arise when handling tasks in the compliance department. Advantages of Universal Banks Universal banks offer their clients a diverse range of services to different clients having the opportunity to receive personalized services that conform to their banking needs. Usually individuals, groups, organizations, states and multi-national organizations exhibit varying financial needs. The fact that universal banks have the capacity to offer tailor-made services, they surpass other banks by offering each client service that conforms to personal financial needs. This is the reason why universal banks offer a high level of convenience t o the clients (Heller, Meaney & Murphy 2001, p. 78). They serve as a single-stop banks where one can access all the required financial needs. Evidently, such convenience receives emphasis from the presence of most universal banks in different regions, affording the clients an increased banking flexibility even beyond the borders. Recent research reveals that universal banks serve as critical contributors to the economy. This is because they have the capacity to support a diverse range of investments in different parts of the globe. Universal banks exert their effect on the entire economic system, altering the economic trends by providing financial breakthroughtwo different types of clients. Universal banks serve private household clients, offering arrange of appealing service packages appropriate for them (Palepu2007, p. 87). Moreover, universal banks offer a range of services to institutional clients empowering them to receive the required the financial boost to achieve their goals . This factor has served as a reliable solution to the financial problems of many institutions as they can form investment partnerships with universal banks. These services are offered at a relatively lowered funding cost compared to other banks. Evidently, universal banks register a low level of profiling costs, placing them in a better position to offer services at the lower funding cost compared to other banks. Moreover, these banks exhibit a lower funding cost themselves, explaining further why they favour all types of clients. Universal banks have served to increase the willingness of credit borrowers, a factor that has contributed to the rising returns for clients who wish to save. This has been especially advantageous to governments that exhibit financial needs that require borrowing. Moreover, this proves to be highly beneficial to other clients, and contributes to a surging growth. This has given rise to an evident rise instability of the economies by causing as the spread of innovations in different regions in the globe (PadoanBrenton & Boyd 2003, p. 34). Disadvantages Although universal banks exhibit all these benefits, they face a surging pressure to satisfy all the clients in different regions.These banks face the compulsion of maintaining a high quality of their services (Lambert&Ioma2005, p.98). They have to ensure that they are responsive; clear in communication, prompt, and a high level of integrity in offering

Post Confederation Canadian History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Post Confederation Canadian History - Essay Example As a ruling myth, nationalism was used to eclipse other social divisions, especially class, by positing an overarching national identity that promoted relations of domination and discouraged an effective, united challenge to the system through scapegoating 'others.' In the nationalist discourse of the social reform movement, concepts of race and nation were fused and simultaneously based on the principles of exclusion and inclusion. Consequently, as Robert Miles argues for the similar British case, 'racism' formed 'the lining of the cloak of nationalism.' Gender ideals -- women's 'respectable' role as domestic manager, reproducer, and nurturer -- also interacted with concepts of nation, race, and class in the reform project as women's proper role in the domestic sphere was considered essential to 'Canadianizing' the working class. State intervention in the housing sphere in the interwar period was limited when compared with initiatives in the post-Second World War era; fewer than 7000 houses were built under government auspices in the period. But the discourse of housing betterment, along with its counterparts in other areas of social policy and the practical measures implemented at the local level, assisted in strengthening the popular fiction of 'Canadian' supremacy and spreading the bigoted message that 'outsiders' (however loosely defined) were to blame for the country's problems. This attitude dovetailed neatly with the divide-and-rule strategy pursued by government officials increasingly concerned with the intense class struggles of the period. Social planning experiments were circumscribed but nevertheless emblematic of significant developments in the history of the Canadian state and reform ideas. Central to this process was the contribution of housing reformers to the question of what constituted the Canadian nation and, more crucially, a 'proper' Canadian. Reform-minded state officials sought popular legitimacy by reinforcing pre-existing notions of the dangerous 'other' -- non-British, non-white 'races' and 'nations' and, increasingly, urban native-born and British immigrant workers -- in stark opposition to the ideal of the cherished and respectable 'white British Canadian.' Simultaneously, the reform tendencies of the period sustained and deepened the conviction that women's role was solely in the home as nurturer and Canadianizer of the 'race.' Through reform propaganda and practical implementation of various housing reform measures, it proved useful for reformers to attribute social and economic afflictions to the so-called inferiority and 'un-Canadianness' of various social groups --immigrants, women, and workers -- rather than to structural flaws in the capitalist sys tem itself. 'Reform' in the First World War period can be defined as an approach advocating state intervention in the economy and society to alleviate the social problems of capitalism and thereby preserve the system itself. The role housing reform could play, as part of the larger project of securing social consent by stabilizing family structures and contributing to the construction of a distinct national identity, constituted a pivotal concern in the discourse of the reform effort. Yet without losing sight of this distinct regulatory thrust from above, it is also necessary to chart

Policing functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policing functions - Essay Example The local agencies are thereby encouraged to relate well with the people in their society. A better communication will lead to understanding among the people and the policing agencies. Most of their work includes stopping the planned happenings and attacks to which might affect the government like bomb attack and they are also involved in investigating on certain happening from the base. The state agency work in hand with the local agency and are used to handle state criminal investigations and also the state highways traffic laws. It provides law enforcement in regions that do not have the county representation. The Federal agency is used for private investigation and has agencies oversees includes the Federal bureau of Investigation, Bureau of prisons among others and they are also not considered as the national police force. These are mainly used for investigative purposes like finding the allegations of Terrorist attacks and also used in maintaining law and order. The Community p olicing The community policing put in place in the development of the community regarding their issues. This was not adopted well as some thought that it was put in order for people to put up their personal issues. The community policing main impact is to assist each person in the different units. Its impact would be able to solve the community’s problems at a fundamental level making it easier for everyone instead of it being complicated at the higher level. The police were to interact with the community in which theorists and practitioners stated about the six big stakeholders the media being inclusive (International Association of Fire Chiefs, 2010). The citizens had complaints on the police practices in which the community wanted the police to be open and also be more transparent. They wanted transparency in accessing public entities like in the healthcare and education among others. This led to the formation of accrediting agencies like the Commission on Accreditation fo r law Enforcement Agencies which enabled the media to take part in the effective, ethical communications in the public and can be seen to lead to a better coordination among the people in the society. The Changing Media Media is one way of making everything being transparent and by the media being involved in the administrative works that is by the local, state and also federal, there will be a flow of activities and also crimes will be minimized. Corruption is experienced in different fields making it difficult for the laws to be reinforced from the fundamental units. This is because the administration units have a hierarchy from the local place where they are headed by the Sheriffs to the higher positions in the system. Law Enforcement in the Organizational culture Each and every place has a unique culture in its place of work depending on different law enforcement organizations. Some places are very strict in implementing law and order while other places the police administration is reluctant as their administrative power is not keen or is ignorant. From this we see that incidents like terrorists attack can be hard to change as it depends with different people with their own culture. It is difficult for people to adopting other cultures from what they used to and this policy will take time before it can be implemented fully by everyone. This can be seen by the federal law responded slowly to the methamphetamine epidemic as they had not experienced this

Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Germany - Essay Example So while in some ways he did not want to enter the war, being a pacifist at heart, Wilson knew that the outcome of the war could have drastic impacts on the way the world worked after it, and these impacts would be decided upon solely by the victors. Knowing all this, Wilson wanted to have a seat at the victor’s table, in order to be a part of determining the new world order. His championing of the League of Nations following the First World War shows what kind of world order he imagined, and he perhaps thought that, through going to war this one time, he could help prevent future conflicts from ever occurring again. He was sadly mistaken, obviously, both because of the harsh reparations demanded by the allies and because o the US government’s unwillingness to take part in the League, but his aspirations were high all the same. So while the Zimmerman telegram was certainly inflammatory, there are definitely ways in which would could argue that it was used more as a pretext to enter the war than being the sole cause of the US’s entrance – Wilson had a lot to gain in going to war for the Victorious side, and so probably would have taken much less inflammatory bait had it been presented. It is impossible to know for certain how the world would have turned out had the United States never entered the war: it is even hard to know which side would have won, or if victory ever would have happened in any kind of real way. I would argue that without US intervention, neither side would really have been able to win the war, and a much less harsh peace process would probably have had to occur, which would have led to better consequences. The defining feature of much of the First World War was a terrible stale-mate – lines of trenches were established, and because defensive technology was, for this brief time period, so

Lean On Me Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lean On Me Assessment - Essay Example He is very strict and he believes a lot in the value of discipline. In a way he acted like a dictator in the school. His leadership style worked well with the students, but it got him into trouble with the teachers because he did not show mutual respect. The teachers were not the enemy they are a part of the solution to fix the problems at the school. I would describe Mr. Clark’s organizational interventions as one sided. He controlled the interventions by imposing his authority into others. Due to the major problems the school faced Mr. Clark was the right person for the job. He made sure he resolved problems by imposing strict measures. Mr. Clark’s interventions brought clarity and changes to the school. He was a leader that got involved in every aspect of the school including students, teachers and parents. The students at this school needed the discipline. His style got him into trouble with the teachers because it seemed he did not respect their work. An example of a wrong decision by Mr. Clark was firing the music teacher for standing up to him. As the principal Mr. Clark had legitimate power over the teachers. Legitimate power is formal authority that can be used to control other people (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003). Mr. Clark was too tough on the teachers and he was not accepting their input. As time passed in the story of the movie Mr. Clark started to change his ways and he began to cooperate with the teachers in order to make the school a better place for

International Marketing of Marks & Spencer (M&S) in Vietnam Essay

International Marketing of Marks & Spencer (M&S) in Vietnam - Essay Example The focus in this paper is on Marks & Spencer (M&S), a UK-based company that was established by Michael Marks and Time Spencer many years ago, and it is now one of the largest clothing, food, and home product retailers in the world. The company has an ambitious goal, which is to become the â€Å"world’s most sustainable major retailer† by 2015. The company has a group revenue of  £8,733.0 million in the UK and  £1,0073 million in the international market. Providing needs and satisfying customers with the best product experiences across the world are the top priorities of M&S; in fact, they have continued to meet expectations of their 21 million weekly customers by expanding in many international markets. M&S has about 700 domestic retail stores in the UK and â€Å"361 wholly-owned, partly-owned, and franchised stores in 43 territories across Europe, the Middle East and Asia.† Macro-environment is one of the environmental issues that influenced the retail indu stry in Vietnam, as well as the industry’s growth prospect. This analysis will focus on major trends that have an impact on the organizational growth of foreign-invested companies including socio-cultural and demographics, technology, economic condition, ecology and physical environment, and political-legal. In every investment, understanding customs and behaviors of a certain country is one of the important factors to be successful in foreign markets. Vietnam is a socially stable country because of its economic renovation policies; however, social discrimination or divisions have been part of its local customs, particularly the treatment of men and women in the society, as well as the working and middle class Vietnamese. International businesses are placing a significant value on customs and cultures of their host countries because these are substantial in gaining a market share. Vietnamese customers are hard to please because they are price sensitive and value or quality co nscious, and doing business in the country needs patience because Vietnamese prefer to have lengthy negotiations. Furthermore, the family is the basic unit of the society in Vietnam; however, inequalities in terms of gender issues and classes can still be observed. For instance, men are considered superior or better than women in such a way that they have the power to make decisions for the family and do outside activities while women are left in the house to do household chores. This attitude is also practiced in the workplace wherein lower-level employees are not empowered to make decision, initiate change, and keep information without the approval of those in managerial positions. On the other hand, there is an unequal distribution of income and a biased tax system between rural and urban communities wherein taxes imposed to rural residents are higher compared to urban constituents; this event shows that government policies are concentrated to the growth of urban areas (Cao & Aki ta, 2008, p.12). Other urban biases are observed in terms of trade liberalization or industrialization, tax distribution among industries, credit admission, foreign direct investment (FDI) programs, employment opportunities, service access, and many more. In terms of demographics, Vietnam has a total population of 91,519,289 wherein 25.2%, 69.3%, and 5.5% of the population are 0-14, 15-64, and 65+ years old, respectively (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.). This age structure implied that Vietnam is equipped with a high and substantial workforce, which is favorable to international businesses because the population is young. For instance, half of Vietnam’s total population is the young generation or â€Å"

Students as Catalysts Of Peace Essay Example for Free

Students as Catalysts Of Peace Essay Friends, let me begin by quoting you a line lifted from Eleanor Roosevelt. â€Å"It isn’t enough to talk about peace. One must believe in it. And it isn’t enough to believe in it. One must work at it.† This ladies and gentlemen challenges Juan De la Cruz, the majority common Filipino people. And what is more moiling to this are the sweet and sour additives and influences of the society. My friends, as we all know Philippines is somehow ignorant to peace, particularly Mindanao. The island in this country that has 63% Christian majority and 32% Muslim population resulting in many violent conflicts due to misunderstanding. According to Jose Rizal, â€Å"Youth is the hope of the fatherland.† It is indeed a privilege for every Filipino youth to show patriotism and responsibility in raising the country through bringing back peace. Peaceful resolution of conflicts is more likely the choice of an ideal youth. But how can we encourage the youth? Simply, envelope them in a world where they can have a stronger sense of self-esteem; more solid connections to their own community; sense of empowerment to make decisions affecting their own future; adequate opportunities to get to know youth who are different than themselves and; access to programs to improve leadership, communication and basic conflict resolution skills, in short develop them inside the home and education, thus students must be seen as the pioneers and catalysts for peace. There are lots of organizations and projects being built globally to foster peace. One of these is the â€Å"Empowering 900 Filipino Youth in Peace Building†. The project that aims to raise schoolchildren as peacemakers. Creating a library involving students as volunteers, organizing trainings for the whole community, creating a student service club that will then become the basis for a volunteer and peace movement are the ways they are doing to realize their goal of connecting people to peace through service.

Art Of The Late Ninegteenth Century Essay Example for Free

Art Of The Late Ninegteenth Century Essay Speaking about the late nineteenth century art, it is necessary to say that the transition from one century to another is always marked by the feeling of disillusionment as far as conventional themes and methods are concerned. There is an emptiness which prompts artists to search new forms, new means of expression. It is not always easy, however, which leads them to aspiration to escape from the usual reality to exotic countries and ways of life. The cultural phenomenon of fin de ciecle (end of the century) naturally manifested itself in visual arts and lead to emergence of impressionism and post-impressionism. Partially, impressionism appearance was caused by the fastening of life tempo and industrial revolution. As a result, impressionists aimed to depict the ever-changing reality; they wanted to catch the moment of the life flow, which is never the same. Impressionist painters inherited the romantic naturalist philosophy but chose different devices to reveal nature.   The term â€Å"postimpressionism† was coined by the English artist and critic Roger Fry (1866-1934) in 1910 as a name for the various movements that grew out of Impressionism, but moved away from its naturalist tendencies. In the current paper I intend to analyze some of postimpressionists’ paintings to trace the influence of traditional art and innovation. One of the most prominent painters on the brink of the centuries was Paul Gauguin. When we speak of fascination with primitive and exotic art, we primarily mean this artist’s attempt to move in this direction. Like most postimpressionists he started as impressionism and was devoted to traditional objective rendering of nature with the help of new coloring and light and shadow effects. In the course of time, when he was already a famous painter he realized inherent limitations impressionism had in itself and chose another direction. He did it not only in the figurative sense but he physically moved to Tahiti to investigate new opportunities for art progress. Let’s look closely at some of his canvasses of Tahitian period to discover what novelty they bear and how they correlate with impressionist tradition, on the one hand, and primitive art forms on the other hand. One of the most illustrative pictures of the series is called Femmes de Tahiti [Sur la plage] (Tahitian Women [On the Beach]) The name itself suggests that the conventional subject matter of impressionism – conveying fleeting states of nature – is put aside.   The painter made people his objects and applied revolutionary technique to depict them. The fist thing the eye catches is the unusual exotic coloring for the sky, the sea and the sand, which has nothing in common with the palette applied for European landscapes. The colors are rich and warm; it seems they soaked exotic sunlight. At the same time we see that the artist doesn’t aim at showing every subtle hue (if we speak of color) or every subtle bend of human body (if we speak of shape). On the contrary, he wants to make the impression of ultimate simplicity of color and form, which follows the tradition of primitive art. Despite of this primitivism, the women in the painting feel exceptionally real and palpable, not in terms of photographic similarity and anatomic precision but in terms of emotion conveyed. Natural rich colors of Pacific islands and simplicity of form make them a part of surrounding nature. As a result they feel real in a sense that they are devoid of any artificial glossiness, which civilization imposes. Another famous painting of Gauguin, which was considered to be scandalous and indecent by many of his contemporaries, is called Spirit of the Dead Watching. It depicts a nude young girl lying and mystical world surrounding her. This painting inherits the tradition of primitive art not only in terms of form but also in discovering the mythology of Tahitians. In this case Gauguin managed to do a unique thing – with the help of simple, rough, down-to-earth colors and forms he depicted an ephemeral world of spirits Edgar Degas is another famous postimpressionist of the late nineteenth century. Unlike Gauguin, he was not much into exotic themes. He inherited much from impressionist tradition, and was greatly influenced by the naturalist philosophy of romanticism. Still, if we look at his landscape paintings, it becomes plain that the emphasis is quite different, as well as the role of nature. For example, the canvass Aux courses en province (At the Races in the Country) is a perfect illustration to this dual influence. The painting is no way an ode to nature, as it was the case with impressionists and romanticists. It is rather the point, where the two worlds – rural and urban – intersect. The contrast between the picturesque scenery and the people who came to the country to enjoy themselves is really huge. This contrast is not manifested through color but through some specific details, which make the impression that the people are outsiders for the nature. Thus, a sun parasol a woman wears, her husband’s top hat, the cart among the field, and especially the horses’ eyes covered with blinders – all these details disclose the painters’ idea that people no longer belong to the nature. Degas is said to be the one who was greatly influenced by the revolutionary invention of the late nineteenth century – photography. Thus, his painting Absinthe is illustrative of the new perspective and spacing photography opened to artists. The canvass reminds of the technology of painting black and white photos, which was applied at this period of time. To sum up, the late nineteenth century was marked by the trend of transformation, transition from Romantic to Postimpressionist art and way of thinking. The painters of these periods were exposed to dual influence- on the one hand, they inherited the technique and tradition of impressionist art and naturalist philosophy, on the other hand the felt like the old principles and themes were exhausted, that’s why they resorted to new sources of inspiration like primitive exotic art and photography. Bibliography    Broude, Norma. Impressionism: A Feminist Reading: the Gendering of Art, Science, and Nature in the Nineteenth Century. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997. Impressionism , in Painting. The Columbia Encyclopedia . 6th ed. 2004. Rewald, John. Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1956.

Agency Theory And Stakeholder Theory Commerce Essay

Agency Theory And Stakeholder Theory Commerce Essay The development of corporate governance is a global issue, the issue of corporate governance has come to prominence in various fields contains refers knowledge of finance, economics, accounting, law, management, organizational behaviour and so on. The term corporate governance and its daily usage in financial fields have attracted more and more public attention in the last thirty years. There are sorts of theories adopt in the corporate governance, while I will concentrate on two main streams of them: one is agency theory which is based on the interests of shareholders; the other is stakeholder theory which is based on the profits of all the stakeholders. The main aims of this paper are introduce and explore the agency theory and the stakeholder theory, compare and contrast these two theories. Apart from the introduction, the structure of this paper is as follows: the theoretical review of both agency theory and stakeholder theory is included in the next part; then, I will describe the contribution of the agency theory as well as how wrong is the agency theory; similarly, the fourth parts consist of two aspect of the stakeholder theory: the contributions and some criticisms; the final section is the conclusion. Theoretical review Agency theory In the early literature, classical economics considered that majority of corporations were not only owned but also controlled by the shareholders who have funding proprietors. With respect to standpoint of separation of ownership and control, it was firstly pointed out by Smith in 1838. In the later work of Berle and Means (1932), they hold the view that with countries industrialization and markets development, the ownership and control of corporations has been separated. The purpose of this action is to give an important explanation for corporate behaviour and the problems confronting owners (fragmented and dispersed shareholders) who attempt to exert their rights over the managers who have gained control in the modern cooperation. According to Arrow (1971), the origins of agency theory can be traced back to the 1960s and early 1970s, more and more economists detected and pay attention to the risk among individuals or groups. He mentioned that in the case of different argument toward risk insisted by the cooperating parties, the risk sharing problem occurred. 6 years later, Jensen together with Meckling pointed out Agency theory in their article; in addition, they defined an agency relationship as a contract under which one or more persons (the principals) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. For example, it is widely accepted that the agency relationship is between the owners (as the principal) and the managers (as agents). The aim of agency theory is to provide necessary monitoring to reduce the so called agency problems arise in agency relationship between the principal and the agent. One problem is that whether the behalf of agent is applicable or not can not be testified by the principals. The expect or goals of the principal and agent conflict brings to the first agency problem; more over, when it is difficult or expensive for the principal to know what the agent is doing in details and exactly, agency problem rises either. The other problem is the risk sharing between the principal and the agent. Due to the different risk preferences, there is distance between the action of the principal and the agent. An overview of agency theory is given in Table 1 (Eisenhardt, K. M 1989). Table 1 Agency Theory Overview Key idea Principal agent relationships should reflect efficient organization of information and risk bearing costs Unit of analysis Contract between principal and agent Human assumption Human assumption Bounded rationality Risk aversion Organizational assumption Partial goal conflict among participants assumptions Efficiency as the effectiveness criterion Information asymmetry between principal and agent Information assumption Information as a purchasable commodity Agency (moral hazard and adverse selection) Contracting problem Risk sharing Problem domain Relationships in which the principal and domain agent have partly differing goals and risk preferences (e.g., compensation, regulation, leadership, impression management, whistle blowing, vertical integration, transfer pricing) Stakeholder theory of the firms Donna Card Charron (2007) reported that the stakeholder theory has gone through three stages until now. The first stage of stakeholder theory is from the 1960s through early 1980s, the stakeholder theory agenda was proposed by the corporate revisionists. During this period, a new idea social institution was advocated to replace the stockholder ownership in the firm. In the early 1970s, stakeholder theory was accepted by the business ethics professors. Between the late 1980s and 2000, the stakeholder theory is ongoing the second stage. Corporate managers turn to interest in the stakeholder theory until they know that stockholders are just one aspect of stakeholders among many. It is significant for them to defend themselves against stockholder rights activities. In the middle of 1990s until 2000, corporate revisionists look forward to build the claims of stakeholders. All the participants and assistants who share the risk and create profits for the firms are stakeholders. They should obtain a balance share of the riches created by the joint efforts (Clarkson 2002: 1)). According to Donna Card Charron (2007), it is imperative for managers observe the following principles: (1).Monitor and respond to concerns and interests of all legitimate stakeholders. (2)Communicate with stakeholders about their concerns, contributions, and risks. (3).Act with sensitivity to each stakeholder group. (4)Attempt to achieve a fair distribution of benefits and burdens. (5)Insure that risks are minimized and harms are compensated. (6)Never jeopardize inalienable human rights or deceive concerning risks. (7). Deal with the conflicts of its self interest and the interest of stakeholders through public institutions, public reports, incentive systems, and third party review. The stakeholder theory was widely acceptable by the end of this stage. In the third stage of stakeholder theory currently, Value Based Management pointed out the effects of stakeholders toward to the firms can not be ignore and even important, there is a positive relationship between the wealth of stakeholders and that of stockholders. Different from agency theory which focuses exclusively on interests of shareholders, the Stakeholder theory concentrates on the interests of all the parties in the corporation. Stakeholder theory is considered as a theory of organizational management and ethics. Under this theory, what the managers should do is not only to maximize shareholder value, but also benefit the profits of the stakeholder group. Groups or individuals in the corporation, whose interests and benefits have a close relationship (gains or loss) with the corporation action, are called stakeholders. Sometimes, the concept of stakeholders is a generalization of notion of stockholders who can propose some special claim on the firm (R.Edward). Stockholders are given the right to demand certain actions by management; similarly, stakeholders can also make claims. The assumption of stakeholder theory is the values are imperative and tangible a part of doing business. R.Edwatd et al. (2004) propose that stakeholder theory is managerial, and it reflects and directs how managers operate rather than primarily addressing management theories and economists. Two key questions of the stakeholder theory are mentioned in Freemans article (1994). The first question is the purpose of the organization. This is very helpful and useful for managers to express the share awareness of the value they create and what brings its major stakeholder together. In addition, this push forward the firms itself expect it to create sound performance by considering both its aims and marketplace financial metrics. The second question asked in the stakeholder theory is what responsibility management has to stakeholders. These encourage managers to know how they want to do business. Particularly, they are looking for an appropriate kind of relationship with stakeholders to ach ieve their own interests. The core of stakeholder theory, economic value is that large numbers of people come and work together to advance their situation, is accordance with the fundamental modern economic realities. In order to impulse more and more workers to do their best for the firms, it is necessary and crucial for managers to develop relationships and create communication with stakeholders. (See R.Edward Freeman, Andrew C. Wicks, Bidhan Parmar 2004) It is widely accepted that shareholder is significant party in the firm and interests are a critical characteristic. In terms of profits, it is not the driver in the process of value creation while the results. Contribution of the Agency theory Perrow (1986) noted that the key point of the agency theory is focused on the significance of motivation and self interest. Under the agency theory, any ideas and activities of the organizations are based on self interests; furthermore, a common problem structure across the research topics is important either. There are two contributions to organizational thinking created by the agency theory in Eisenhardt, K. Ms work paper (1989). First of all, information is considered as a good, in another word, information can be sold by people if it is necessary. It can be divided into formal information system and informal information system. The former includes budgeting, MBO, and boards of directors; while the later one consists of managerial supervision that just in organizational research. If the principals want to know what the agents are doing and whether their action is appreciate or not, invest the information system is a good approach. An explanation of this is executive compensation (Kathleeen M. Elsenhardt 1989). A great many authors showed that they are surprised at the insufficient of performance found on executive compensations. On the contrary, since the compensation is affected by different kind of elements such as information system in the agency theory, the above argument is easy to accept. In addition, the risk implication of agency theory is another contribution. There are various uncertain future such as prosperity, bankruptcy and some secondary consequence that corporation may meet. Whether the future of firms is bad or sound depends on the performance of organizational participates. The outcome of firms, to large extent, is affected by the environmental factors that cover government regulation, new similar competitors, science and technology innovation and so on. Agency theory encourages the ramifications of outcome uncertainly to indication for producing risk. For instance, some behaviour of principals in the companies such as make or buy decision is not influenced by the uncertainty technology and demand (Walker and Weber 1984). Although they do not know that the reason is transaction cost framework; their conclusion covers the idea of agency if the managers of the firms are risk neutral. Walker and Weber concluded such a conclusion that outcome uncertainty is no t associated with risk neutral principal. On the other hand, the outcome uncertainty is extremely sensitive to risk principals in new venture. If the firm is new and not big enough, the limitation of capital and resources for predicting the uncertainty will lead to the frequency of the failure. The managers on such firms are risk averse principals. From the agency theory perspective, the relationship between managers and outcome uncertainty is extremely close. For example, in order to maintain and develop the firm, managers are more likely to adopt buy decision to transfer risk. On balance, agency theory predicts that risk neutral managers are likely to choose make option (behaviour based contract), whereas risk averse executives are likely to choose buy (outcome based contract). How wrong is the agency theory? The adoption of the agency theory for corporate governance become widely accepts all over the world, especially in the UK and the US. The agency theory indeed brings some merits for the corporations. However, more and more faults are showed by the recent literature research and firm practice like Enron, Xerox, and WorldCom. This paper will focus on the Enron to explain how wrong the agency theory is. Thousands of employees losing their life savings tied up in the energy companys stock due to the collapse of Enron which is considered as the largest bankruptcy in US history (Thomas Clarke 2004). The following introduction about the Enron is based on the lecture notes of Bob Wearing (2008). Generally speaking, Enron is an intelligent gambling that covers many aspects: firstly, allow high risk accounting; secondly, allowing 50% of assets to be shifted into off balance sheet entities; thirdly, waiving the ethics code to allow self dealing transactions; fourthly, ignoring directors conflicts of interests; Finally, failing to monitor executive compensation. The foundation of the Enron business is risk management. It expects to get ahead to traditional, vertically integrate kind of institution by using risk management. Enron adopt its own methods to protect the Enron stock, its funds will be inflated when Enrons share price fell. Bankruptcy is the destination of Enron once credit agencie s decreased Enrons rating. Most non executive directors are paid as consultant from the directors fees; consequently, they can not be characterized independently. At the same time, directors received various types of gifts from Enron. The award for Andrew Fastow (CEO) remains a secret, and another CEO (Kenneth Lay) get much secrete money from the company. In the case of decreasing of the companys stock in 2001, board members and senior employees obtain profit by cashing in share options, meanwhile, the rest of employees do not loss anything as they let their pension plans out of Enron stock. All in all, the shortcomings of the agency theory become obvious. In the first place, due to the asymmetric information system, the deficiency of agency theory that covers several aspects is become obvious. The first one is called moral hazard agency conflicts that are the root reason for the Enron failure. Moral hazard agency conflicts were mentioned by Jensen and Meckling in 1976. Moral hazard arises when the agents action, or the outcome of that action, is only imperfectly observable to the principal. A manager, for example, may exercise a low level of effort, waste corporate resources, or take inappropriate risks (Joseph Heath et al. 2004). Jenson (1986) hold the view that fresh cash flow will face much more difficulties from moral hazard problem in big and developed companies. In addition, moral hazard problem is relevant with the inefficiency of managerial effort. The motivation and enthusiasm of managers will be dropped off for small equity stakes they own. Thereby, company va lue will be affected or even harmed. The second one is named adverse selection. Adverse selection can arise when the agent has some private information, prior to entering into relations with the principal. Individuals with poor skills or aptitude will present themselves as having superior ones, people with low motivation will apply for the positions that involve the least supervision, and so forth (Joseph Heath et al. 2004). In the second place, shareholders, the owner of the company, are able to enjoy the companys residual claims. They shoulder the operating and capital risk rather than whole risk. Other stakeholders such as creditors, managers, employees who shares risks should be given the similar rights. Contribution of stakeholder theory According to the stakeholder theory, the objective of corporate existence is nor the shareholders only. The close nexus in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) that is the main stream of the corporate tendency is a apparent contribution of the stakeholder theory. A large number of literature and research find out that companies concentrate on CSR which is considered as origin of competition advantages is more likely to accept and get benefits. It is, to some extent, benefits the corporation as a whole, in the long runs at least. Changing the objectives of corporate governance from the maximize the interests of shareholders to maximize the value of the company. Stakeholder theory breaks through the traditional framework. The stake of firms owned by a large number of dispersed shareholders in modern enterprise. The maximization of the interests of shareholders does not mean the maximization of corporate value, or even damage the interests of other stakeholders, such as the hostile takeover. Stakeholder theory suggests that the other individuals and parties should also be considered stakeholders, such as creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, government and community, corporate governance should be the stakeholders of the coordination mechanisms of conflict of interest, balance and co ordinate conflict of interest to all stakeholders to maximize the benefits (Liu Dan 2003). The power of corporate is redistributed in the process of game among stakeholders. Modern companies are characterized by separation between ownership and control; thereby a principal agent relationship is formed between the principal and the agent. Unfortunately, the interests of these two parties are not always consistent. The managers tend to abuse their special power and damage the interests of shareholders by the reason of their insider status. The agency cost problem occurs when an efficient monitoring system is needed. The main purpose of corporate governance is not only monitoring managers effectively but also minimizing agency costs. The traditional way to adjust the dimension of the structure of the board of directors are enhancing the independence of the board of directors; improving the control of shareholders in order to strengthen their position; developing institutional investors to effective the rights of shareholders (Liu Dan 2003). But these ideas only deal with prob lems partly. It is difficult to change the level of corporate governance fundamentally. Stakeholder theory suggests that the key point of corporate governance is as follows: it is unavailable to deliver much more rights and control to shareholders. On the contrary, managers should be separated from shareholders who usually give pressure and leave enough rights and interests to other stakeholders such as employees, creditors and so on. For instance, one important programme is allowing the key stakeholders become the companys board of directors and supervisors by increasing the ownership and control of the company (Liu Dan 2003). The highlight of human capital is advocated in stakeholder theory. Traditional theory holds that the owner of firms is the investors who provide capital for firm; accordingly, the ultimate goal of company is to safeguard the interests of investors. Here the word capital is limited to physical capital, but not human capital. This argument is acceptable and suitable in the early era of large scale industrial machinery, while not appropriate and outdate in current era of knowledge economy. The existence and development of the organization is increasingly affected not only by the management degree of managers but also the advanced technology of workers. Technology and other human capital contribution to the enterprise are far more than physical capital (Liu Dan2003). Criticism of the stakeholder theory On the whole, stakeholder theory is incompatible with good corporate governance for it is with business (see Elaine Sternberg 1997). Accountability is one of the most important concepts in corporate governance. It consists of directors to shareholders, firm workers and other corporate agents to the incorporation as well. The notion that the owner of firms is responsible for their corporation is disapproved in stakeholder theory. On the other hand, what the stakeholder theory calls for is all the stakeholders are responsible for corporations. Such key principle is not realistic checked and work out wholly. Everyone take charge of company means no one will take charge of company. Various accountability make sense if all the stakeholders have a clear similar goal, otherwise it does not make sense at all. However, the stakeholder theory prefer to the later. More over, there is not an effective standard to judge and evaluate corporate agents given by stakeholder theory (Elaine Sternberg 1997). Duo to the unclear balancing stakeholder profits, it is not a good way evaluate objective performance of firms. It is discretional for managers to seek their own interests which are always selfish by using this method. Consequently, stakeholder theory has comprehensive control of haughty and selfish managers as well as lavishness wages, perquisite and premises. At the same time, the phenomenal of empire building acquisitions that make little business sense exists widespread in the stakeholder theory. Even though the original purpose and expectation of the stakeholder theory is hopeful, it is difficult to carry on and enhance corporate performance as well as corporate governance. Unlike the traditional theory which described that objective of firms is maximizing economic profits; objective in the stakeholder theory covers social, political as well as economic field. The efficiency of the business operation will be weakening in such situation. This leads to a dilemma for the company: firstly, pursuit of profit maximizing hence enhance the social costs and increase the loss of social welfare. Secondly, negative externalities of business activities will be reduced by using various types of control means, but they worse the inefficiency of economy. Conclusion To sum up, two popular theories used by corporate governance, agency theory and stakeholder theory are introduced and compared in this paper. The original purpose and expectation of these theories is to develop and enhance the level to corporate governance. The key diversity towards corporate interests between these two theories is: for agency theory, the interests of shareholders mean the corporate profits; with respect to the stakeholder theory, corporate interests should cover the profits of all the stakeholders. Different from traditional theories, agency theory pays unprecedented attention on information system, outcomes uncertainty and risk. These performance are beneficial for corporate alleviate or even avoid some conflicts and problems between principals and agents. However, after the case of Enron which is a characteristic failure, people become aware of shortcomings of agency theory. Due to the asymmetric information, moral hazard and adverse selection bring difficulties to governance. Even though, stakeholder theory does not have a clear notion about the quantity and quality of stakeholders, and it is, to some extent, unrealistic to carry on; the contribution of stakeholder theory can not be ignored. Changing the objectives of corporate governance from the maximize the interests of shareholders to maximize the value of the company. The power of corporate is redistributed in the process of game among stakeholders. The highlight of human capital is advocated in stakeholder theory. To c onclude, I pose that the stakeholder theory is much more appropriate for the modern companies for the long run.

Captain John Smith :: essays research papers

John Smith had many characteristics that helped to make him an important person in the beginning settlement of the New World. He was a brave and strong person who seemed to have little fear. He ran away from home when he was young and became a soldier in Europe and the Near East (Barbour). He thrived for excitement and adventure. During the settlement of Jamestown, he took on the responsibility of leadership by saving the colony from starvation (Microsoft). He made the men plant crops and build houses, while he was trading with the Indians for food (Microsoft). The colony chose him President of the Jamestown settlement. The settlers believed and trusted him because he had saved them. John Smith was a very smart man, and he wrote many accounts about the happenings in Jamestown. He also published an article about his voyage of 1614. His longest and best-known work was entitled The General History of Virginia (Gwinn). Without these accounts, we would know very little about the colony in the New World. Not only was he a writer, but he could also draw. He drew many maps showing his expeditions and adventures. Many of these maps were used by other groups of settlers who came to the New World. John Smith was brave, strong, smart, and a good leader. His name is probably best remembered as the man who was to be beheaded by Indians, when the chief’s daughter rushed to his side and saved his life. Many historians doubt this incident and said that Smith was just bragging and was a teller of tales (McMichael). He had so many different adventures and he sometimes stretched the truth. Even if John Smith did exaggerate at times, he was still an interesting and important character in American History. Critique: I don’t remember learning too much on John Smith, though of course I learned about him. My reaction to his work is questioning; I’ve heard how he was this brave and courageous hero, yet in the book it asserts that he was â€Å"a vain braggart† and â€Å"a teller of tall tales†. He didn’t mention the whole Pocahontas thing, which is the first that pops in my mind when I think about Smith. However, I think I admire him more than Columbus because he seemed to be more peaceful and open-minded when it came to the Indians. It claims in the American Literature book that he â€Å"traded for food with the Indians, learned their customs and language†.

A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner Essay -- A Rose for Emily by Will

â€Å"A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner Respect, admiration, and fame from the general public can come at somewhat of a cost. The cost can be anything from a decrease in privacy to an actual effect on ones mental state. In this essay I will use the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner to describe how general fame, no matter how large or small can be uplifting, but at the same time extremely destructive. Emily is the most renowned lady in the town. Since she carries this type of status there is a strict reputation she must keep. As with today’s celebrities, they not only represent themselves, but there town as well. Ms. Emily is no exception. Since she was closely â€Å"guarded† by her father, she was rarely seen outside of the house and could never find a spouse suitable eno...

Ergonomics Organizational Ergonomics

QUESTION 4. DICUSS ERGONOMICS. HOW IS ERGONOMICS RELATED TO QUALITY? Ergonomics is also known as human factors engineering. It is the study concerned with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theoretical principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well being and overall system performance. Ergonomics is the study of work in relation to the environment in which it is performed (the workplace) and those who perform it (workers).It is used to determine how the workplace can be designed or adapted to the worker in order to prevent a variety of health problems and to increase efficiency as well as quality of products and services. The study helps in understanding how work is done and how to work better towards quality improvement. Domains of Specialization Ergonomics denotes the science of work; it is a systems-oriented discipline, which now applies to all aspects of human activity.Ergonomi sts must have a broad understanding of the full scope of the discipline, taking into account the physical, cognitive, social, organizational, environmental and other relevant factors since domains of specialization represent deeper competencies in specific human attributes or characteristics of human interaction:- †¢Physical Ergonomics Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.The relevant topics include working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health. †¢Cognitive Ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.The relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design. †¢Organizational Ergonomics Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes so as to id in quality improvement in every aspect of the organization. The relevant topics include communication amongst workers & departments, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work paradigms, organizational culture, virtual organizations, tele-work, and quality management.?

Microelectronic Pill Essay

1. ABSTRACT A â€Å"Microelectronic pill† is a basically a multichannel sensor used for remote biomedical measurements using micro technology. This has been developed for the internal study and detection of diseases and abnormalities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where restricted access prevents the use of traditional endoscope. The measurement parameters for detection include real – time remote recording of temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in the GI tract. This paper deals with the design of the â€Å"Microelectronic pill† which mainly consists of an outer biocompatible capsule encasing 4–channel micro sensors, a control chip, a discrete component radio transmitter and 2 silver oxide cells. | Our Body is a sensitive system. Many times even doctors arenà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t able to interpret the disease. Thus it become too late to cure it. To remove this problem scientists discovered electronic capsule in 1972. Use of discrete & relatively large componentà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s, poor reliability, short lifetimes & low sensitivity makes it outdated. To overcome all these problems Professor Jon Cooper and Dr Erik Johanessen from Glasgow University , U.K has led to the development of a modern microelectronic pill. When Microelectronic pill is swallowed, then it will travel through the Gastro Intestinal Tract & simultaneously perform multiparameter in situ physiological analysis After completing its mission it will come out of the body by normal bowel movement The pill is 16mm in diameter & 55mm long weighing around 5 gram It records parameters like temperature, pH, Conductivity, & Dissolved Oxygen in real time. PARTS CONTROL CHIP RADIO TRANSMITTER 2 SILVER OXIDE CELLS BIOCOMPATIBLE CAPSULE ENCASING MICROSENSOR SILICON DIODE 3 ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL DIRECT CONTACT GOLD ELECTRODE ION-SELECTIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET) SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MICRO ELECTRONIC CAPSULE It measures the body core temperature. Also compensates with the temperature induced signal changes in other sensors. It also identifies local changes associated with TISSUE INFLAMMATION & ULCERS. SILICON DIODE The ISFET measures pH. It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels These abnormalities include : Pancreatic disease Hypertension Inflammatory bowel disease The activity of fermenting bacteria The level of acid excretion Reflux of oesophagus Effect of GI specific drugs on target organs. ION-SELECTIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET) The pair of direct contact Gold electrodes measures conductivity, by measuring the contents of water & salt absorption, bile secretion & the breakdown of organic components into charged colloids etc. in the GI tract. Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, Therefore it gives true value of conductivity as measured. DIRECT CONTACT GOLD ELECTRODE The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen in solution. It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Tract It investigates : Growth of aerobic or bacterial infection Formation of radicals causing cellular injury & pathophysiological conditions like inflammation & Gastric ulceration. It develops 1 st generation enzymes linked with amperometric biosensors. 3 ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL ARRANGEMENT MICRO ELECTRONIC PILL CHIP – 1 CHIP – 2 CONTROL CHIP The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connects together other components of the micro system. It contains an analogue signal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit analogue to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data processing module The temperature circuitry bias the diode at constant current so that change in temperature reflects a corresponding change in in diode voltage. The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with the source voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH. The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the electrode pair as an inverse function of solution conductivity. An incorporated potentiostat circuit operates the O 2 sensor with a 10 bit DAC controlling the working electrode potential w.r.t the reference Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC. ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current. CONTROL CHIP Size of transmitter = 8 ÃÆ'Æ’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  5 ÃÆ'Æ’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  3 mm Modulation Scheme = Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps Frequency = 40.01 MHz at 20 ÃÆ'‚ °C Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz It consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current. RADIO TRANSMITTOR OBSERVATIONS ON RECIEVER COMPUTER 2 SR44 Ag 2 O batteries are used. Operating Time > 40 hours. Power Consumption = 12.1 mW Corresponding current consumption = 3.9mA Supply Voltage = 3.1 V 2 SILVER OXIDE BATTERIES RANGE : Temperature from 0 to 70 ÃÆ'‚ ° C pH from 1 to 13 Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per liter Conductivity above 0.05 mScm -1 Full scale dynamic Range analogue signal = 2.8 V ACCURACY : pH channel is around 0.2 unit above the real value Oxygen Sensor is ÃÆ'‚ ±0.4 mgL. Temperature & Conductivity is within ÃÆ'‚ ±1%. RANGE & ACCURACY It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human body. There fore it is also called as MAGIC PILL FOR HEALTH CARE Adaptable for use in corrosive & quiescent environment It can be used in industries in evaluation of water quality, Pollution Detection, fermentation process control & inspection of pipelines. Micro Electronic Pill utilizes a PROGRAMMABLE STANDBY MODE , So Power consumption is very less. It has very small size, hence it is very easy for practical usage High sensitivity, Good reliability & Life times. Very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, Current & Voltage requirement (12.1 mW, 3.9 mA, 3.1 V) Less transmission length & hence has zero noise interference. ADVANTAGES read this use this link to download presentation | | | * RE: MICROELECTRONIC PILLS

Should Cellphones Be Allowed in Class

Should Cell Phones Be Allowed In The Classroom? Personally, I think cell phones should be allowed in the classrooms as they can benefit students in many ways. Student’s listen to music on them, do research on them, and they benefit students with individual education plans. To start, cell phones should be allowed in the classroom, as student’s use them to listen to music. In addition, listening to music helps people concentrate on their learning as it avoids them from getting distracted at what is going on around them. Also, listening to music helps student’s deal with emotional problems, stress, etc.Therefore, students should be allowed to bring their cell phones to class. Next, I think students should be able to bring their cell phones to class considering it is helpful when it comes to them having to do research on something. Cell phones are helpful to students when it comes to doing research, as they can save what they researched on their phone and come back t o it later. Furthermore, cell phones are good when it comes to needing to do research as sometimes you could wait days to use the school computers, but if you have a cell phone with a data plan you can have all the research you want at the end of your finger tips.In conclusion, cell phones should be allowed in the class as they do benefit student’s when it comes to doing research. Finally, cell phones should be allowed in the classroom, as they can benefit students with individual education plans. For instance, cell phones can help benefit student’s with I. E. P’s because they have cameras on them which student’s can use to take pictures of their assignments who cannot write, student’s can also type up their work and print it, and lastly if they have a hard time when it comes to reading something they can use applications like Kurzweil or dragon and have it audio read to them.To summarize, I think cell phones should be allowed in class, as they are a very useful device when it comes down to students with individual education plans learning. To conclude, students should have the privilege of bringing their cell phones to class, as they can help benefit students in their learning in several ways. For example, they can be used as a calculator for math. To wrap it up, students should be able to bring their mobile devices to class, as they can benefit students in so many ways.

My Favorite Movie

My Favorite Movie There are thousands of movies in the United States. Many people have several favorite movies throughout their lifetime. Some people have favorites from each decade. Though many movies have grabbed my attention, my favorite is the eighties movie The Breakfast Club. I love the main characters, the amazing storyline, and the original ending. I have watched this movie many times and it never gets old to me. The reason I love this movie is that I can relate many of the characters to people I know or have met throughout my life. I relate myself to Alisson Reynolds, who comes off as strange and reserved.She is insecure and alone, but she wants to be noticed. John Bender (the bad boy of the group) has a hard shell but he is soft at heart. John reminds me of many gentlemen I enountered in high school. The popular girl, Claire Standish, and my best friend are so similar it is scary. They are insecure and feel neglected by their parents, but are envied by outsiders for their l ooks and financial stability. As the movie starts, the storyline captures my attention and glues me to the screen. In the beginning, five high school students with nothing in common face spending a Saturday in detention together in their high school library.Detention starts out kind of rocky at first. The students see each other as different and make judgements based on social statuses. As the movie progresses, the students start to open up to one another. Allison is a compulsive liar and craves attention because she feels invisable. Brian and Claire are ashamed of their virginity. Andrew even tells his classmates the real reason he is in detention. Later, it is also discovered that each person in the group has a strained relationship with at least one of their parents. I think that the storyline shows that Andrew is right, â€Å"We’re all pretty bizarre.Some of us are just better at hiding it, that’s all. †-Andrew (The Jock), The Breakfast Club. The ending of t he movie is the icing on the cake because everyone becomes a friend. Andrew seems to be interested in Alisson. Claire kisses John and it looks like the two characters might start a relationship. The group decides to have Brian write about the assigned topic. He writes a letter to the principal objecting to his request to describe who they are, stating that the principal has already judged who they are and he will not accept anything different from the students.To the outside world they are simply the Jock, the Brain, the Criminal, the Princess, and the Basket Case, but to each other, they will always be the Breakfast Club. As many times as I have seen this movie, it still keeps me entertained. The main characters still remind me of friends and family. The plot entrances me like no other movie I have seen. More than anything else, the ending makes me want to watch the movie all over again. Everyone should see this movie at least once in his or her lifetime. It has been my favorite fo r many years and I think that it will be a hard film to top. My Favorite Movie My Favorite Movie There are thousands of movies in the United States. Many people have several favorite movies throughout their lifetime. Some people have favorites from each decade. Though many movies have grabbed my attention, my favorite is the eighties movie The Breakfast Club. I love the main characters, the amazing storyline, and the original ending. I have watched this movie many times and it never gets old to me. The reason I love this movie is that I can relate many of the characters to people I know or have met throughout my life. I relate myself to Alisson Reynolds, who comes off as strange and reserved.She is insecure and alone, but she wants to be noticed. John Bender (the bad boy of the group) has a hard shell but he is soft at heart. John reminds me of many gentlemen I enountered in high school. The popular girl, Claire Standish, and my best friend are so similar it is scary. They are insecure and feel neglected by their parents, but are envied by outsiders for their l ooks and financial stability. As the movie starts, the storyline captures my attention and glues me to the screen. In the beginning, five high school students with nothing in common face spending a Saturday in detention together in their high school library.Detention starts out kind of rocky at first. The students see each other as different and make judgements based on social statuses. As the movie progresses, the students start to open up to one another. Allison is a compulsive liar and craves attention because she feels invisable. Brian and Claire are ashamed of their virginity. Andrew even tells his classmates the real reason he is in detention. Later, it is also discovered that each person in the group has a strained relationship with at least one of their parents. I think that the storyline shows that Andrew is right, â€Å"We’re all pretty bizarre.Some of us are just better at hiding it, that’s all. †-Andrew (The Jock), The Breakfast Club. The ending of t he movie is the icing on the cake because everyone becomes a friend. Andrew seems to be interested in Alisson. Claire kisses John and it looks like the two characters might start a relationship. The group decides to have Brian write about the assigned topic. He writes a letter to the principal objecting to his request to describe who they are, stating that the principal has already judged who they are and he will not accept anything different from the students.To the outside world they are simply the Jock, the Brain, the Criminal, the Princess, and the Basket Case, but to each other, they will always be the Breakfast Club. As many times as I have seen this movie, it still keeps me entertained. The main characters still remind me of friends and family. The plot entrances me like no other movie I have seen. More than anything else, the ending makes me want to watch the movie all over again. Everyone should see this movie at least once in his or her lifetime. It has been my favorite fo r many years and I think that it will be a hard film to top.

Accreditation

Accreditation can be viewed from two broad perspectives. It can either   be seen as a status and on the other hand, it can also be seen as a process. As a process, accreditation is the practice of certifying that an institution or a program has met some required standard and so, people are free to enjoy the facility. The institution to be accredited is subjected to such tests as to verify the veracity and authenticity of their claims. In this way, the institution therefore continues to seek ways by which it can improve in order to maintain its accreditation status. As a status, moreover, accreditation is the provision of notification to the general public that a process, or a program or an institution, as the case may be has met certain standards and the claims it is making are genuine. This is a sort of legalization as it gives them the right to operate their business. Accreditation is very important. it is necessary as it is a pointer to the quality of service an institution or organization is providing. Moreover, in situations where there are several providers of the same, or similar service, accreditation helps the consumer to be better positioned to make informed choices on which to choose from. Accreditation also gives room for continuous evaluation of the quality of products and services. Accreditation also ensures that the concerned corporations strive to continually improve on their services as they are subjected to periodic evaluation. This translates to a better quality of service to the consumers. The Joint Commission is a non-profit organization not affiliated to the government. it operates by scheduled surveys of hospitals. The hospitals are notified beforehand before the visits. The commission thereafter provides information as to the accreditation status of the hospital as well as the services that needs to be improved upon. The Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation (HQAA) is also not affiliated to the government. It is a good substitute to the Joint commission as it also accredits health care facilities by surveying them. The accreditation option is tailored towards the Durable Medical Equipment. Community Health Accreditation Program (CHAP) is also a non-profit organization. it can also be seen as an alternative to the Joint commission. It accesses health care organizations that offer community based services. It is the first body created to perform this function. ACHC is another organization involved in the process or accrediting health care facilities. Its primary instrument is survey. There are a number of other agencies that are involved in accrediting health care. National Committee for quality Assurance: NCQA is also involved in the accreditation of health care facilities. It annually releases   a report on all accredited health care providers and facilities. Avmed is one of the health care providers in the country. It recently received an excellent rating from NCQAs annual ratings. This corresponds to the highest accreditation status that can ever be accorded a health institution for service and clinical quality. (Reuters, 2008) REFERENCES AvMed Receives Highest Quality Rating(2008) http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS133795+03-Jan-2008+PRN20080103 NCQA (2008) NAtional COmmittee for quality Assurance:Homepage http://www.ncqa.org/ The Joint COmmission (2008) About us. http://www.jointcommission.org/AboutUs/

There is no set topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

There is no set topic - Essay Example The little Paul is inspired to experiment his luck in gambling because of his mother’s opinion that â€Å"if you’re rich, you may lose your money. But if you’re lucky, you will always get more money†. Once, during the conversation between Paul and his uncle, he speaks about horse races and gambling explicitly and reveals that the gardener is his partner. When the uncle comes to know it instead of correcting Paul, he too becomes a partner. The central point of the story is a wooden horse which Paul believes has some magical effects to make him a winner. Paul gives five thousand pounds of his winnings to his uncle in order to arrange a birthday gift for his mother who always used to blame her misfortune. The story ends with the tragic death of the poor boy that always had a strong affection to his parents. When the uncle asks Paul what he would do with the winning money, he says that he needs to change his mother’s bad luck. This short story best illustrates, how or to what extent family environment affects a kid’s mind. He always hears the desperate words of his mother that can only imbue him with deceptive ideologies. The young boy was disturbed by the incessant whispering he heard even from vacuum; â€Å"there must be more money! There must be more money!† Even though he doesn’t know how to make money, this strong desire to acquire money is deep-rooted in his inner soul. This is the situation when the boy comes to know about horse gambling which gradually perverts him the whole way to the tragic end. The character of Paul’s mother also conveys a great message to the readers of this beautiful story. She is the image of people who always blame others or fate for their failure. They often think that money is the sole factor that brings happiness; and it usually comes due to one’s luck. She expresses this notion openly when Paul asks why they didn’t have a car. Her answer has an adverse effect on Paul as he begins to think that only money can

How the Death Penalty Effects Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How the Death Penalty Effects Family - Essay Example It is at this point that family members become devastated, hopeless, and left with the feeling of not being in a position of control to eradicate the sentence. Generally speaking when there is a death involved, the people that stay behind are the ones that suffer and morn. They are the ones that maintain the sense of, if I could have done more and what if? They are the ones that need professional help during the justice process, in this case, during the time of sentencing, and after the criminal’s departure. It is an even more a complex situation when inmates are innocent and placed on death row. In some cases they have been placed on death row and because their lawyers could not find the way to defend them or because of a lack of economy, they were put to death. It is even more detrimental when the family members of the convicted have to turn him/her in, to the authorities and when the family members are misled by the authorities in giving information on how the trial will be handled. This is the case of the Unabomber family members. They were told that Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber, would be treated from a humanistic point of view since he suffered schizophrenia, a mental illness. It was handled in this way only until his arrest. When he was arrested all officials looking into the case and wanted a person identified of these actions arrested, changed their modus operandi. They were no longer the humanistic types of persons who proceeded with the case. The focus of the Justice Department was refocused, â€Å"†¦on the goal of taking a human life† (Kaczynski, 2007). Ted ´s family questioned the prosecutors ´ in change of continuing the case, given another set of rules. They were overwhelmed about this turn around. Kaczynski (2007) thought of the ramifications of this change of thought from the Prosecutors ´ office and how this would discourage other families in following Ted’s family example

Research Method Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Method - Research Paper Example Accordingly, it has been recognized that various short term financial instruments provides the options that help to minimise the possible loss from the transaction. The purpose of the study is to investigate the affect of fluctuation of exchange rates in the revenue of businesses especially in USASuperCars context. Moreover, the aim of the study is also to investigate the risks that the bank will undertake to measure adverse effect of exchange rate fluctuations. Correspondingly, the paper intends to analyse the current financial position of the USASuperCars. Additionally, an assessment is conducted with the aim of having a better understanding about the involvement of the bank in operating its businesses. The USA Sports Cars engaged in selling of luxury sports cars and the HSBC bank as the sources to measure the exchange rates in order to measure the fluctuation rate. Moreover, the fluctuations may either increasing or decreasing in the given time span. Thus to conclude table has also been drawn in order to reflect from Japan, UK, Canada, USA and South Africa among others to show the quantity of cars sold during the period. Furthermore, current exchange rates are also taken into consideration to measure the profit and loss for the HSBC. USASuperCars is the luxury sports car manufacturer and distribution company. The company is recognised as a global organisation having distribution channel around the world. Besides, high transaction in the global market has led to high reliance of the company over the international currency markets volatility and fluctuations. The prime aim of the company is to provide luxury cars to millions of inhabitants across a world. Company fixes the selling prices in terms of local currencies on the basis of the exchange rate that is prevailing during the delivery time. In the current scenario, the company experienced difficulties with respect to uncertainty in the exchange rates. The company is required to select

Issue and Interdependence Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issue and Interdependence - Research Paper Example It had been known to have started during the rise of industrialization. The need to quantify and analyze the level of industrial technology in a nation led to the stratification of the nations on the basis of their development in the discipline which is influential to every aspect of the society specifically economy. Upon the realization of the said need, countries considered as industrial leaders became the standards and models (Escobar 1995). Nations in the North America and Europe were considered as the model nations and were referred to as the First World nations because of being industrialized. The notion of the stratified world is the main principle that affected and is continuously dominating the modern era, specifically the post-World War II period in terms of the social, economic, cultural, and political aspects (Escobar 1995). The views on the different aspects of the society in the nations classified as Third World are the main targets of the discussion. The classification of the nations on the basis of the concept of the three worlds is often criticized due to prejudice. Some refer to the term as mythical and unreal while others contest that each of the different levels for example the Third World is a mental region which is considered ‘intellectual, metaphysical, and experiential’ in nature as desert is a climatic region, the exact location can only be determined by the types of organisms inhabiting the area (Norwine 1988). The Third World then can also be determined by the quality of like and the type of people and technology which can be found in the particular nation. To be able to present the objective of the paper, the different aspects and issues related to the society will be presented. The Aspects and Issues in the Third World There are important issues and aspects of life in the Third World. This includes social, political, economic, and cultural issues. But due to the interdependence and interconnectedness of the different fa ctors, one issue can simultaneously affect two or more aspects of life in the underdeveloped nations. Political Aspect Politics is one of the significant aspects that provides clue to the life in the Third World. Basically, one of the basic characteristics of leadership and government in nations belonging to the Third World is being a young. As compared to nations which had been stable for a long time, the nations in the Third World experienced political renewal, unrest, colonization, coups d’etat, change in the type of government, military leadership and dictatorship, or even war. This is the reason why these countries at the moment are still considered as developing and trying to catch up to the established, stable and developed countries of the First World (Lowder 1986). Based on the references, political struggle for stability is common in the Third World due to the effects of different issues specifically the need for survival since economy and source of livelihood is st ill a problem. Due to the tendency of the government to be unstable as a result of the multitude of problems needed to be dealt with, the concentration of power in a central government is the usual set-up. This is be able

Business - Gender Discrimination Speech or Presentation

Business - Gender Discrimination - Speech or Presentation Example Previous court rulings declare that, one of the responsibilities of a company is not to discriminate people against their sex. This indication is a determinant showing that discrimination begins even before the hiring process starts. As such, in this speech, I will seek to develop a persuasive argument showing the importance of addressing the issue of gender discrimination in work places. To begin with, the gap of gender at work place is still an impeding issue according to a new research on gender roles conducted by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fact finding results reveal that women who work for 44 hours in a week earn 84.6 percent of total earnings of a man working for same hours (Stein, 2008:31). Worse still, the same statistics cites that, women who work for over 60 hours in week have earnings amounting to 78.3 percent of what men who are categorically in the same timeline earn. Additionally, it is agreeable that, sexual discrimination is a problem that affects education, e mployment, public institution, and domestic life (Lindgren, 2010:44). Even though today, women encounter minimal economic and social barriers as opposed to olden days, gender discrimination is still a major problem in many working places (Wrigley, 2008:7). With reference to a report brought forward by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, women who worked full time earned only 77 cents for every single dollar that a man earned in 2009 (Reeves, 2010:57). According to the US report on female worker, in spite of the fact that women comprise of the largest percentage of workforce in most organizations in the world, they commonly access employment positions in the traditional female fields which include nursing, secretarial work, and elementary school teaching. It is therefore congruent for us to address the vagaries brought about by gender or sexual discrimination in our working organizations (Stein, 2008:49). Studies assert that, in most working places today, there are many instances of sexual discrimination against women. Despite the fact that court rulings set forth that it is possible to hold a company liable for discriminating people due to their sexes, pre employment screening tests portray discriminatory cases at large margins. Company discriminatory cases of gender occur in incidences of hiring where the firm sets or asks unacceptable questions that discriminate against sex (Reeves, 2010:69). The application process designs bogus pre employment tests that screen for sex making the overall hiring process bias and unfair. For a long time, the court upholds scenarios where a man receives an employment opportunity over a woman with a slight margin of qualification (Stein, 2008:63). This drastic difference in qualification has been around for a long time and according to analysts, it is a sure sign of discrimination. A better understanding of how sexual discrimination works reflects cases where a man who dropped out of high school gets an administra tive post over a woman who has a master’s degree (Gregory, 2003:19). In this case, sexual discrimination is the ultimate factor depicting gender bias. Apart from gender discrimination gender discrimination during the hiring process, our working places today faces another form of sexual discrimination called sexual harassment (Lindgren, 2010:58). In this form of discrimination, some

Therapy Animals are Service Animals Too Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Therapy Animals are Service Animals Too - Essay Example However, some therapy animal provide assistance in the form of alerting of an imminent panic attack or even simply providing emotional support to their owners (SKLOOT). These types of therapy animals should be considered service animals and provided the requisite legal protections that this label guarantees any other service animal. Service animals, according to the Americans with Disabilities Act, include â€Å"any guide dog, signal dog, or other animal individually trained to provide assistance to an individual with a disability.† People traveling with such service animals must be allowed access to any public building without being segregated from other customers and without being required to show any kind of proof of their disability. In fact, these requirements supersede county health requirements that only guide dogs may be permitted into certain businesses (U.S. Department of Justice). The ADA's own definition of service animals is extremely broad. According to the previ ously cited definition, the animal must only â€Å"provide assistance† to be considered a service animal (U.S. Department of Justice). Assistance can take many forms, including the provision of emotional support for those with psychiatric conditions.